Inductive reasoning:
A form of reasoning which works from a body of fact to the formulation of a generalization.

Example:
"All the tigers observed in a particular region have black stripes on orange fur. Therefore all the tigers native to this region have black stripes on orange fur."

Explanation:

Although this example is not from a literary source, this is a good example of inductive reasoning. It is used to make a generalization of something, based on a specific fact that is made. This is used mainly in math and science, but can appeal to some literary aspects. For example, if the author wants to compare two specific things and then generalize them together, making a conclusion based on the two facts.