Style:
The consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some author's styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works bythe same author (or a writer emulating that author's style). We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgements on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, one can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or Victorian period, or a literary movement such as the Romantic, transcendental, or realist movement

Example:

"I didn't want to go back no more. I had stopped cussing, because the widow didn't like it; but now I took to it again because pap hadn't no objections... But by-and-by pap got too handy with his hick'ry, and I could't stand it. I was all over with welts. He got to going away so much, too, and locking me in. Once he locked me in and was gone three days. It was dreadful lonesome."

-Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Explanation:

Twain wrote this novel in a certain style. He uses a style that uses a lot of colloquialisms and writes very informally. He also explores youth and writes in a point of view of a young boy. Mainly the purpose is to tell a story from a different point of view, and is more creative. Also helps create a setting for the novel. 

Spatial order:
Organization of information using spatial cues such as top to bottom or left to right

Example:
"Our new home was one of a number of wooden single-story units huddled together in a horseshoe enclosing a courtyard. Our new apartment was toward the rear center of the horseshoe, away from the entrance to the courtyard. To reach the kitchen, one had to pass through a small windowless anteroom made of loosely arranged planks."

-Dry Tears: The Story of a Lost Childhood: Nechama Tec

Explanation:

Tec describes the house using spatial order. This allows the reader to get a clear mental image of what the house looks like, and where everything is located. The main purpose of this is to create an imaginable place/ setting for the reader to see. 

Sarcasm:
Sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intending to ridicule. Sarcasm can be witty and insightfu


Example:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jvwqel6Ncd0l.


Explanation:
Squidward uses sarcasm while talking to Sponge-bob, Sponge-bob is oblivious to the sarcasm, which can be seen as one purpose. Sarcasm is used to make someone look less intelligent, or to make fun of something/someone.

Semantics:

The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another. 

Example:

"Awful—Originally meant "inspiring wonder (or fear)". Used originally as a shortening for "full of awe", in contemporary usage the word usually has negative meaning."
-Dictionary.com

"Neither a borrower nor a lender be; For loan oft loses both itself and friend, and borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry".
-Shakespeare

Explanation:

The word awful has changed over time. This is an example of semantics. The purpose of semantics is to see how words have evolved over time, such as Shakespeare and even simple words such as awful. The other example is Shakespearean, and showing how words have evolved over time, which is the purpose and what semantics is. 

Satire:
A work that targets human vices and follies or social institution and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether the work aims to reform humans or their society, satire is the best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose of writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the satirist, such as irony, wit, parody, etc. Good satire is generally humorous  is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.

Example:
""Ain't they no Shepherdsons around?" They said, no, 'twas a false alarm.  "Well," he says, "if they'd a ben some, I reckon I'd a get one.""
-Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Explanation:
This is an example where, Buck, a Grangerfield is talking about shooting a Shepherdsons. The purpose of this is because Twain is making fun of the Civil war, saying they are fighting for no reason. It also can be seen as satirical towards southerners because they can go from sweet, to bitter and revengeful in a heart beat.

Subject complement:
The word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it.

Example:
"Col. Grangerford was a gentleman"
-Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Explanation:
Gentleman is the subject complement in this example. Huck did this to describe the Colonel in one sentence, so the readers know who Grangerford was. There is no major purpose to this term, other than to describe something, in order for the reader to get an image of something.

Subordinate clause:
Containing both a subject and a verb, but unlike the independent clause, unable to stand alone; it does not express a complete thought.

Example
"Man, when you lose your laugh, you lose your footing."
(Ken Kesey)

Explanation:

There is not much to explain for this term. Subordinate clauses mainly serve as a easy way to connect a verb and a subject swiftly and easily. This adds suspense in some situations because the thought is generally incomplete. 

Symbol/symbolism:
Generally, anything that represents, stands for, something else. Usually a symbolism is something concrete -- such as an object, character, action or scene--

Example:
"Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly,
Though its answer little meaning - little relevancy bore;
For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being
Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door -
Bird or beast above the sculptured bust above his chamber door,
With such name as `Nevermore.'

But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only,
That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour.
Nothing further then he uttered - not a feather then he fluttered -
Till I scarcely more than muttered `Other friends have flown before -
On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before.'
Then the bird said, `Nevermore.'"

-The Raven: by Edgar Allen Poe

Explanation:

The first, and most obvious symbol is the Raven. He uses it as a symbol for death, which is what the entire poem is devoted to. Poe does this to create a vivid symbol that is easier for the reader to detect.  Another symbol is the bust of Pallas, the reason for this is because it Pallas is the God of wisdom, which makes the narrator think that the raven is speaking from wisdom. These symbols allow the reader to makes inferences without coming right out and saying it. This is one purpose, but also it adds a hidden layer of depth to the poem, showing its sophistication. 

Synecdoche:
A figure of speech in which a part of something stands for a whole of something.


Example:
"The world treated him badly."

Explanation:
This quote is saying that the "world" treated him badly, which is impossible. The purpose of synecdoche is to emphasis something. In this case how badly "he" was treated, since its described as the world treating him badly, this shows that he was treated very badly. This concept can be applied to literature and poetry, the author wants to emphasis something by making more than one thing into one.

Transition:
A word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph of a passage that serves as a link in the writing.


Example:

first next finally also in addition besides just as important still these include likewise sometimes on the other hand even so however that's why... an example is Explanation: These are examples of transition words that authors, and anyone that writes uses. These words serve to help the writer smoothly move on to the next topic or continue on with that links one point to another. It adds sophistication to a work, and gives it a higher level of writing.

Synesthesia:
A sensation produced in one sense when stimulus is applied to another

Example:
''yellow cocktail music';

-Great Gatsby, by Scott Fitzgerald

Explanation:

Fitzgerald does this to describe the atmosphere, yellow is associated with "drunkenness". The purpose of this is to simply have a creative way to describe the atmosphere with out saying "They're drunk". It's more classy, and the narrator, Nick wants to be sophisticated, so Fitzgerald uses synesthesia so make him look sophisticated.  

Verisimilitude:
The quality of realism in a work that persuades the reader that he/she is getting a vision of life as it is.


Example:
"While i was attending to those in front, and on either side, the one behind ran up with the hand-spike, and struck me a heavy blow upon the head. I fell, and with this they all ran upon me, and fell to beating me with their fists... with his heavy boot, a powerful kick in the left eye."
-Frederick Douglass: An American Slave

Explanation:
Douglass deeply describes himself getting beat up. This imagery allows the reader to actually image what Douglass went through. Douglass does this on purpose, so the reader gets a vision of reality for the slaves, and the reader will want to change things, and make sure the slaves are free or treated better.

Unity:
A work of fiction or nonfiction is said to be unified when all of the parts are related to one central idea or organizing principle.

Example:
"Their yearly clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts, one pair of linen trousers, like the shirts, one jacket, on pair of trousers for winter, made of coarse negro cloth."
-Frederick Douglass: An American Slave

Explanation:
Douglass' novel is all about the harsh and cruel treatment of the slaves, and how they should be free. This is a short example of one of the many times he he describes the living conditions of the slaves. Douglass makes a point to stay focus to his main idea of freeing the slaves, because it is inhumane and cruel to continue with slavery.

Red herring:
The fallacy of raising an irrelevant issue to draw attention away from the real issue

Example:
"We admit that this measure is popular. But we also urge you to note that there are so many bond issues on this ballot that the whole thing is getting ridiculous."

-Tax cut commercial

Explanation:

Red herring is used a lot in politics. The purpose of it is to simple draw attention from the real issue being discussed. Politicians do this to avoid people finding out about certain things they don't want people to know.     This same concept can be applied to literature, authors do this to characterize a character, or even stir the reader away from the real issue. 

Predicate nominative:
A second type of subject complement- a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject. It follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate

Example:
George Washington was elected the first president.

Explanation:

President is the predicate nominative in this example. There is no major purpose of this term, but mainly serves as a way to identify a subject 

Predicate adjective:
One type of subject complement-an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is the predicate of the sentence and modifies, or describes, the subject.

Example:
"Col. Grangerford was very tall and very slim, and had a darkish-paly complexion... he had the thinnest kind of lips, and the thinnest kind of nostrils, and a high nose, and heavy eyebrows, and the blackest kind of eyes."
-Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Explanation:
Huck describes Col. Grangerford using the predicate adjective. He does this to easily describe the Colonel, quickly and swiftly. The reader gets a good mental image of what Col. Grangerford looks like, which is Hucks main purpose.

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
When a writer implies that because one thing follows another, the first caused the second, confusing sequence with causation.

Example:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRJUvFG8gbE

Explanation:
In this video, Sheldon Cooper say that his mothers idea that her church group praying for him to arrive home safely is the reason he got home safely is wrong. Her idea is an example of post hoc fallacy. The purpose of this in this case is for her to reassure to her self that she is protecting her "little boy". This can be seen in novels, poems, and other types of literature. Post hoc fallacy has a great purpose of making someone feel as if they are, or did something to cause a second thing to happen, when in reality they probably did not.

Polysyndeton:
Sentence that uses and or another conjunction to separate the items in a series. Polysyndeton appears in the form of X and Y and Z, stressing equally each member of the series. It makes the sentence slower and the items more emphatic then in the asyndeton.


Example:
"Let the white folks have their money and power and segregation and sarcasm and big houses and schools and lawns like carpets, and books, and mostly--mostly--let them have their whiteness." 

- I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: by Maya Angelou

Explanation:

The reason Maya Angelou does this is for one main reason. One reason she does this is to show ALL the things that the white people had. The emphasis on everything they have shows that this is unlike what the black people had at the time. The reader sees this, and has sympathy for Angelou and other African Americans. 

Inductive reasoning:
A form of reasoning which works from a body of fact to the formulation of a generalization.

Example:
"All the tigers observed in a particular region have black stripes on orange fur. Therefore all the tigers native to this region have black stripes on orange fur."

Explanation:

Although this example is not from a literary source, this is a good example of inductive reasoning. It is used to make a generalization of something, based on a specific fact that is made. This is used mainly in math and science, but can appeal to some literary aspects. For example, if the author wants to compare two specific things and then generalize them together, making a conclusion based on the two facts. 

Point of view:
The perspective from which the story is told

Example:
"It was for a long time a matter of surprise to me why Mr. Covey did not immediately have me taken by the constable to the whipping-post, and there regularly whipped for the crime of raising my hand against a white man in defence of myself....."
-Frederick Douglass: An American Slave

Explanation:
Douglass writes this novel in first person for many reasons. One reason is to help him convey his message through his eyes, and deeply describe all the horrific events that happened to him. This is best believed by the readers, if the story is told by Douglass, which it is. This makes the book have a high quality of verisimilitude  which is one of Douglass' purpose.

Pathetic Fallacy:
A subdivision of personification, this figure of speech refers specifically to the technique of assigning human emotion to a concept, animal, or inanimate object.

Example:

Stanza from Alfred Lord Tennyson’s 1855 poem “Maud"
There has fallen a splendid tear

From the passion-flower at the gate.
She is coming, my dove, my dear;
She is coming, my life, my fate.
The red rose cries, "She is near, she is near;"
And the white rose weeps, "She is late;"
The larkspur listens, "I hear, I hear;"
And the lily whispers, "I wait"

Explanation:

Tennyson uses many different examples of pathetic fallacy in this quote. This fallacy creates symbolic value to the objects. It is a way for the writer to express his writing style in a unique way, and to be more creative. 

Persona:
The fictional voice that a writer adopts to tell a story.

Example:
"You don't know about me, without you have read a book by the name "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" but that ain't no matter...There was things which he strecherd, but mainly he told the truth. That is nothing. I never seen anybody but lied, one time or another..."
-Adventures of Huckleberry Fin by Mark Twain

Explanation:
Mark twain takes up the persona of a young, and not to intelligent boy. Twain tells the story from the young boys point of view in order to get a certain mocking/ironic tone and humorous mood in the novel. Also to show the growth of a young boy into a mature boy. This novel can be seen as a reflection on Twain's own life, showing the persona is also affected by Twain, and his childhood.

Personification:
A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes.

Example:
Two Sunflowers
"Ah, William, we're weary of weather,"
said the sunflowers, shining with dew.
"Our traveling habits have tired us.
Can you give us a room with a view?"

They arranged themselves at the window
and counted the steps of the sun,
and they both took root in the carpet
where the topaz tortoises run.
-William Blake

Explanation:

This entire poem is an example of personification. The purpose of this is to give the reader a vivid description  of something. In this case, the personification gives the poem a whimsical and lighthearted tone. This is Blake's main goal. It also gives the poem an edge, making it different than normal poems, that are dull and boring.  

Periodic Sentence:
A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end, after all introductory elements such as words, phrases and dependent clauses.

Example
"Across the stream, beyond the clearing, from behind a fallen tree, the lion emerged."
-Anonymous

Explanation:
This is an example of a periodic sentence, and was given as an example with the definition. This is a periodic sentence because the main idea, the lion, is introduced at the end. This adds to the level of suspense, nwhich can be useful in a detective novel/murder mystery novel. Also adds an effect of structural variety, making the sentence jump more than just a plain, dull, unoriginal sentence.

Parody:
A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. As comedy, parody distorts or exaggerates distinctive features of the original  As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original.

Example:

This is a parody of the real song "Call  me maybe" by Carly Rae Jepsen.

Explanation:
Although this is not a literary novel that is an example of a parody, it shows the purpose behind one. Parody generally aim to make fun of the original work. They do this by exaggerating features of the work, such as the girl in the video, being stalkerish and crazy. Also changing words of the song, to make it comical. Making it comical is the main purpose of a parody.

Order of Importance:
A pattern of organization where information is prioritized by the speaker in a hierarchy of value.

Example:
"I included under thirteen names of virtues all that at that time ocurr'd to me necessary or desirable...
Temperance: Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation
Silence: Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversations
Order: Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time
Resolution: Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve
Frugality: Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; that is, waste nothing
Industry: Lose not time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions
Sincerity: Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly; speak accordingly
Justice: Wrong none by doing injuries or omitting the benefits that are your duty
Moderation: Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think you deserve
Cleanliness: Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes or habitation
Tranquility: Be not disturbed at trifles or accidents common or unavoidable
Chastity: Rarely use venery but for health or offspring; never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation
Humility: Imitate Jesus and Socrates"
-Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin


Explanation:

Franklin organizes his thirteen virtues in order of importance. The main purpose of this is to classify them in a way that would allow the reader to see which ones are the most important. Franklin knows people are unlikely to follow "Humility" or "Chastity" so they are the least important. This same thing could be applied to a child Christmas list, the child wants the parent/Santa to focus on the more important ones, the ones on top. Franklin uses this concept.

Pedantic:
An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly, scholarly, academic, or bookish.

Example:
"Some men have been virtuous blindly, others have speculated fantastically, and others have been shrewd to bad purposes; but you, sir, I am sure, will give under your hand, nothing but what is at the same moment wise, practical and good, your account of yourself will show that you are ashamed of no origin; a thing the more important, as you prove, how little necessary all origin is to happiness, virtue, or greatness."
-Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin

Explanation:
The tone and diction of this autobiography is very pedantic. This is because Franklin was a highly regarded, scholarly man. He was expected to have a well educated and well written book. The purpose of this is to show he is indeed scholarly and educated. This is important in this book because he is trying to explain how to live life (his virtues), and if he wasn't intellectual then the reader would not follow his virtues.

Stream of Consciousness:
Refers to an attempt on the part of an author to reproduce the unembellished flow of thoughts in the human mind with its feelings, judgments, associations, and memories.


Example:
"Well, I catched my breath and most fainted. Shut up on a wreck with such a gang as that! But it warn't no time to be sentimentering. We'd got to find a boat, now- had to have it four ourselves. So we went a-quaking and shaking down the stabboard side..."
-Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Explanation:
Twain writes this novel using stream of consciousness. The purpose of this is to show the thoughts that go through the main character's (Huck) mind. This allows the reader to characterize and image who Huck is and how he acts.

Pathos:
Qualities of a work that evokes pity or sorrow. An excess of pathos can create over-emotionalism.


Example:
Incident
Once riding in old Baltimore,
Heart-filled, head-filled with glee;
I saw a Baltimorean
Keep looking straight at me.

Now I was eight and very small,
And he was no whit bigger,
And so I smiled, but he poked out
His tongue, and called me, "Nigger."

I saw the whole of Baltimore
From May until December;
Of all the things that happened there
That's all that I remember.

-Countee Cullen


Explanation:
Cullen describes the speaker and the other boy as equal, as if nothing was different between them, even though at that time color was a big difference. The young boy does not know this, and is crushed when he smiles at a white boy, and the boy makes fun of him. This poem, and especially the second stanza is a prime example of pathos. The reader feels bad, and takes pity on the speaker. This is the prime purpose of this poem, Cullen wants people to see the inequality and cruelty shown towards African Americans, and appealing to the readers sense of pathos is the best way to do that.

Parallelism:
Also referred to as parallel construction, or parallel structure, this term comes from the Greek roots meaning "beside each other". It refers to the grammatical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve repetition of a grammatical element such as preposition or verbal phrase.

Example:
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal."
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
-Martin Luther King Jr, I Have A Dream Speech

Explanation:
MLK Jr. uses parallelism in his repetition of "I have a dream". The purpose of this is to emphasizes his point that he wants equal rights for African Americans, and that he sees this in their future. The line "I have a dream" is also used because it can relate to almost anyone listening to the speech, everyone thinks of the future, and how to make it better, which is what MLK was trying to do for African Americans. Lastly, it creates a rhythm and balance that lets MLK expresses his views concisely and smoothly.

Tone:
Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his/her material, the audience, or both.


Example:
“Before society had grown corrupt enough to smile, instead of shuddering at it.”

-The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne

Explanation:

This sentence effectively shows Hawthorne tone. He sees the society as cynical and hypocritical, because they are not suppose to judge people as a Puritan, but they do. The purpose of creating a cynical tone while talking to the Puritans is simple. He is trying to show and convince the reader that the Puritans were wrong and hypocritical. He talks down to Puritanism, putting them in in "bad light". He also describes their ways as cruel and corrupt, which is seen in this example. Which all creates his cynical tone, which the reader sees, and picks up on. 

Parable:
A brief story from which a lesson may be drawn.

Example:
The Obstacle in our Path
In ancient times, a King had a boulder placed on a roadway. Then he hid himself and watched to see if anyone would remove the huge rock. Some of the kirig's wealthiest merchants and courtiers came by and simply walked around it. Many loudly blamed the king for not keeping the roads clear, but none did anything about getting the stone out of the way. Then a peasant came along carrying a load of vegetables. Upon approaching the boulder, the peasant laid down his burden and tried to move the stone to the side of the road. After much pushing and straining, he finally succeeded. After the peasant picked up his load of vegetables, he noticed a purse lying in the road where the boulder had been. The purse contained many gold coins and a note from the king indicating that the gold was for the person who removed the boulder from the roadway. The peasant learned what many of us never understand. Every obstacle presents an opportunity to improve our condition.

-Unknown

Explanation:

The author of this parable creates a good lesson. This short story leaves the reader anticipating what happens throughout. The author wanted to create/show a lesson in a quick and easy way. The moral is to tackle every obstacle, because something good will come from it. This parable is easy to decipher which is what the author wants, and the author wants it to stay in the readers' mind, and for the reader to remember it. 

Mood:
Grammatical: Refers to the verbs and the speakers attitude.
Literary: Indicates the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.

Examples:
Grammatical: "Shut that door!"
Literary: "A sudden emptiness seemed to flow now from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation the figure of the host, who stood on the porch, his hand up in a formal gesture of farewell." 

-The Great Gatsby

Explanation:
Grammatical: The demanding force behind that sentence shoes the imperative and crucial mood of the speaker. The purpose of this is to show the speaker is serious and down to business, no playing around.
Literary: In this quote Fitzgerald describes Gatsby as being alone. This sets the atmosphere and setting as isolated, which are two factors that set the mood. Fitzgerald uses the mood to show Gatsby's loneliness and how lowers his spirits. This mood helps the reader characterize Gatsby as a man who doesn't like to be alone. 

Irony:
The contrast of what is stated explicitly and what is really meant; the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. Irony maybe verbal, situational, or dramatic.

Example:

EXAMPLE IS FROM 0:20 SECONDS IN UNTIL 0:30 SECONDS. 


Explanation:
In this clip Spoungebob sees the banana peel and Patrick does not. The purpose of this situational irony is to create humor. It also builds suspense, which is why situational irony is seen in a lot of horror films. This irony can also be implied to novels, where the reader knows more then the character, showing how naive and clueless a character can be, aka Patrick in this example.

In media res:
Beginning a narrative in the middle of the action.


Example:
""It's official" Harley said. "They killed the last Berliner two nights ago. You're the last." Then after a pause: "I'm sorry."
-The Last Werewolf by Glenn Duncan

Explanation:
Duncan uses in media res to start his novel for many reasons. First, it adds suspense and makes the reader interested to read more. It starts right in the action of someone apologizing, which foreshadows something bad has or is going to happen, which leaves the reader on their seat. In media res helps Duncan set up the characters and situation quickly and swiftly. Lastly, it sets a mysterious and even occult tone/mood for the novel, and makes the reader foreshadow what events have and will happen.

Expository:
Writing that explains or analyzes.


Example:
The novel Into The Wild by Jon Krakauer.

Explanation:
The novel as a whole can be seen as an example of an expository writing. Krakauer does this in order to deeply analyze and explain McCandless' thoughts and ideas. This genre, especially in this novel, give the reader a more in depth analysis and explains in detail the motive and reasoning behind the characters ways. Krakauer uses many siurces and evidence to help with his "analysis" of McCandless, which shows the reader different perspectives, and more proof to help them believe and try to understand McCandless' amazing journey. In conclusion. krakauer writes his novel as an expository for deep analysis of McCandless and to explain why he did it.

Equivocation:
The use of the same term in two different senses in an argument.

Example:



Explanation:
In this, the equivocation is "cut out". At first the reader thinks the dog is talking about cutting out, or not eating anymore desserts. This shows the cartoonist used equivocation to mislead or hedge the reader. The purpose of the cartoonist misleading the reader is because then at the end the joke is funnier, because it is unexpected. This purpose of equivocation can be implied onto other things such as mystery novels or comical movies/books.

Metonymy:
A figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.

Example:
"Her voice is full of money."
-F. Scott Fitzgerald from The Great Gatsby

Explanation:
Fitzgerald uses metonymy by saying "her voice". Her voice is not "her", so it is a metonymy. Fitzgerald does this to describe the woman as someone that only cares or talks about money. This is significant because the novel as a whole has to do with the upper-class and their "clique". This figure of speech used to describe the woman puts a mental picture through the readers head that has a wealthy, snobby women who thinks and talks about money at all times.

Generic Conventions:
The traditions for each genre, helping to differentiate between divisions and subdivisions.


Example:
"I turn'd my thoughts again to the affair of establishing an academy. The first step I took was to associate in the design a number of active friends..."
-Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin

Explanation:
This is a short passage from the Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Franklin wrote this novel as a autobiography in order to tell his life story. This example shows how the point of view (first person) shows he is writing about himself. Generic conventions help the reader know what genre they are reading, and how reliable the information from the book will be. Generic conventions can also help the reader know the tone, mood, length, and seriousness of the work. Franklin uses the generic convention of first person to show he is writing an autobiography, so that the reader knows all the information is from the man himself.

Paradox:
a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains an acceptable and often profound meaning. Often used for emphasis or to attract attention.

Example:
"We have men-stealers for ministers, women-whippers for missionaries, and cradle-plunderers for church members."
-Frederick Douglass from An American Slave

Explanation:
This is a good example of how Douglass uses a paradox to help get his purpose across. His purpose is to show the reader the hypocritical people during that time period. The two opposing ideas stand out to the reader and emphasize Douglass's view on people that are slave holders and claim to be Christians. This makes the reader side with Douglass, and agree with his view on "slave-holding Christians", which is obviously his purpose.

Oxymoron:
A figure of speech in which an author juxtaposes apparently contradictory terms. A rhetorical antithesis.


Example:
"Slave-holding Christians"
-Frederick Douglass in An American Slave


Explanation:
Douglass uses this oxymoron many times throughout his work. The purpose of this is to get his view that the people that were slave-holding Christians were hypocritical and immoral. The repetition of  this clues to the reader that Douglass is disgusted by the people that say this. The appendix of his autobiography has further information about this idea. All in all, this oxymoron shows how transparent the minds of the whites were during the time period, and didn't see that they were wrong.

Loose sentence:
A sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses


Example:
"Halfway between West Egg and New York City sprawls a desolate plain, a gray valley where New York's ashes are dumped"  

-The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Explanation:

This is by far one of the most well known examples of a loose sentence. The purpose of this is to vary from the average sentence structure, adding interest to the passage. This adds a certain suspense to this long drawn out sentence. Also builds to importance of the setting and location of the novel.

Metaphor:
A figure of speech using an implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.

Example:

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
by
William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date.

Explanation:

This entire poem can be seen as a metaphor. Shakespeare compare a women to a summers day. The purpose of this is because it is easy for the reader to grasp and relate to. This metaphor is sophisticated and unique to describe someone. This unique style is what Shakespeare is known for. Another purpose of this is the metaphor helps the reader "paint the picture more clearly" and is visually more comprehensible and easy to see. Which is what Shakespeare want you to be able to do. Also clearly characterizes the women. 

ellipsis:
In grammar, the omission of a word or words neccasary for complete construction but understood in context. Usually represented with "..."

Example:
"After all the lone trail is the best... I'll never stop wandering."
-Jon Krakauer, passage from dairy entry of Christopher McCandless


Explanation:
The purpose of ellipsis here is simple. Krakauer want to get his point across quickly and swiftly. He doesn't want pointless information to distract the reader from the main point, that McCandless likes the lone trail, and wants to continue on it. The ellipsis shortens the passage, making it easier for the reader to understand and get the purpose.

Imagery:
Sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. May use terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory.

Example:
"In November he finished his last rations. He felt weak and dizzy; chills racked his gaunt frame. Hands and nose continued to get worse as do feet. Nose tip very swollen, blistered, and scabbed... This is sure a slow and agonizing way to die."
-Into the wild, Jon Krakauer

Explanation:
Krakauer describes McCandless using imagery, so that the reader knows what he looks like and what he is going through. The reader can get a clear picture of what McCandless looks like, therefore helping them characterize, and see what is happening to him. Also this type of imagery is very in depth  and tells the read how awful he looked, making the reader feel bad for McCandless, and ponder on to why he did what he did. Which is Krakauer's main purpose of his novel .

Juxtaposition:
The placement of elements, characters, scenes, objects, etc. side by side for purposes of comparison and contrast.

Example:
"We have men-stealers for ministers, women-whippers for missionaries and cradle-plunderers for church members."
-Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass

Explanation:
This is a juxtaposition that compares two things that are unlike, but during that time period it was. This leads to one purpose, of comparing the two unlike things so the reader can get a glimpse of what the people were like, and how Douglass saw them. This comparison shows how wrong the people of that time were, and how hypocritical they were. This is the main purpose of Douglass's autobiography, and even more importantly the appendix.

Homily:
literally, "sermon', but may include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral and spiritual advice.

Example:
"He who is the religious advocate of marriage robs whole millions of its sacred influence, and leaves them to the ravages of wholesale pollution. The warm defender of the sacredness of the family relation is the same that scatters whole families... We have men sold to build churches, women sold to support gospel, and babes sold to purchase Bibles."
-Appendix, pg. 151, Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass

Explanation:
This is an example of how Douglass created his autobiography, and especially the appendix, and homily. The purpose of this is to get his moral and spiritual beliefs across. These beliefs include the thought that slaveholders are hypocritical if they say they are Christians, and his main belief of the cruelty of slavery and how it should be abolished. These views are better seen, due to his use of homily. Another purpose of this is to get his thoughts across in a sophisticated and civil way, so more people would read and connect with it.

Anticlimax:

A sudden drop from the dignified or important in thought or expression to the commonplace or trivial, often for humorous effect.



Example:

"Nothing makes me want to disappear 

As when someone opens their mouth

 It's just my luck 

I get hit by a car 

While carrying a cake 

 Dripping cherries 

Onto pavement 

Bride and groom on my face 

 I'm not there like a ghost ship in a storm 

 It only figures 

That I'd ride my bike 

And as I'm sinkin' 

The last thing that I think
Is, did I pay my rent?"
-Jim O'Rourke, Ghost Ship in a Storm


Explanation:
O'Rourke uses an anticlimax at the end of his song. The purpose of this is to add a humorous tone, it also helps characterize the narrator of the song as one that has given up hope. Before the anticlimax the lyrics build up adding suspense, when the anticlimax comes it creates a funny ending, to show that this is not very serious. The purpose of an anticlimax is to add a lighthearted and upbeat spin on the climax, and that is exactly what O'Rourke did. 

Aphorism:
A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (if the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of an author's point, or it can be a focusing device at the beginning of the essay.

Example: 
"Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a hard battle."
-Plato

Explanation:
 This quote, said by Plato is a prime example of a Aphorism. He states a moral principle, of being nice, but in his own way. The purpose of this is to go right to the point, and tells you the general truth plain and simple. It shows Plato's views, and doesn't beat around the bush in order to do so.

False Analogy:
When two cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of connection between them.


Example:
"Mind and rivers, can be both broad. It is a known fact that the broader the river, the shallower it is. Therefore it must be true, that the broader the mind is, the shallower it is."

- http://josecarilloforum.com/forum/index.php?topic=541.0

Explanation: 

In this quote, the unknown author compares minds to river, which are not sufficiently parallel. The purpose of this false analogy compares to different things, making the reader question it. This example shows the readers view on people's minds in a distinct and different way. The purpose of false analogy are to be elaborate and connect two familiar things. It leaves the reader thinking and questionable.

Onomatopoeia:
A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words

Example:
"Myriads of rivulets hurrying through the lawn,

The moan of doves in immemorial elms,

And murmuring of innumerable bees."

- The Princess, (Part vii) by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Explanation:

This has onomatopoeia in the "moan" of the doves and the "murmuring" of the bees. Tennyson does this to appeal to the readers sense of auditory imagery. This imagery creates an impression and abstraction to the reader, allowing them to further understand and enjoy the novel. Onomatopoeia allows the reader to further understand what they are reading, and keeps them interested and allows their imagination to flow. 

Meiosis:
The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect frequently can be humorous and emphatic.

Example:
Fire and Ice
Some say the world will end in fire,
Some say in ice.
From what I've tasted of desire
I hold with those who favor fire.
But if it had to perish twice,
I think I know enough of hate
To say that for destruction ice
Is also great and would suffice.
-Robert Frost

Explanation:

Frost uses meiosis in this poem, which is evident in the last line. He says "and would suffice". He is saying death by ice would be adequate, which is an understatement. It death is horrific and more than just satisfying. The purpose of Frost doing this shows he does not fear death, and even though it is an understatement it heightens the dramatic tension. It also helps set the detached yet depressing tone and mood.

Inverted syntax: 
Reversing the normal word order of a sentence

Examples:
“Something there is that doesn’t love a wall”.
-Robert Frost, The Mending Wall

Explanation:
Frost has this in the beginning of the poem to create a mysterious beginning. The purpose of this mysterious first sentence makes the reader question what is happening. Frost begins the poem with a troubling question of what is destroying the wall every year, which is also the theme and purpose of the poem itself. This inverted syntax helps set the tone and makes the reader interested in the poem, which is any authors purpose for their work.

hyperbole:
Figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Not intended literally, hyperbole may be humorous or serious

Example:
"Your beauty, that did haunt me in my sleep
to undertake the death of all the world,
so I might live one hour in your sweet bosom"
-Shakespeare, Richard lll

Explanation:
In this quote Shakespeare over-exaggerates the beauty of a woman. The purpose of this is to exemplify her beauty, and show the main character is distracted by it. This type of exaggeration helps the reader characterize the woman. Also the purpose is to emphasize her, and show what the main character will do because of this.

Figure of speech: 
a device used to produce figurative language {etc: metaphor, simile, apostrophe}


Example:
"Death lies on her like an untimely frost
Upon the sweetest flower of all the field."

-Romeo and Juliet

Explanation:

In this quote from Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare uses a simile to convey death. This simile contrast frost with a sweet flower. The purpose of this is to compare the death of sweet girl to something cold in bitter. This figure of speech creates imagery and it also helps the reader see the significance of this death. This language also helps with the somber tone and mood of this novel, and makes the writing more professional.

Genre:
The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions are poetry, prose, and drama. However, subdivisions may also be called genres, for example: novels, short stories, essays, autobiographies, etc.

Example:
"When he found i would leave him, he took care to prevent my getting employment in any other printing-house of the town..."
-Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin

Explanation:
This shows that the genre of this novel is an autobiography, because Franklin wrote the novel himself, hence the first person point of view. The purpose of this is to take a certain time in one's  life that was interesting or holds great significance and tell it from their own point of view. This is important because the reader wants to hear the facts from the person they are learning/reading about. The purpose of the genre of a book helps the reader know how true the facts are, and what type of book they will be reading. If they want the most facts possible they would read his autobiography, not a child's picture book.

Euphemism:
A more agreeable or less unpleasant substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept.


Example:




Explanation:
In this the Defense refers to murder, as "involuntary assisted suicide". The purpose of this is to make something that is considered bad, sound less awful, euphemisms make things sound better than they really are, which is what the prosecutor is accusing the defense attorney of doing in this comic.

Epigraph:
A quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work that is suggestive of the theme

Example:
"It should not be denied... that being footloose has always exhilarated us. It is associated in our minds with escape from history and oppression and law and irksome obligations, with absolute freedom, and the road has always led west."
-Wallace Stegner, opening quote of chapter three from Into the Wild.


Explanation:
The author of Into the Wild always puts quotes at the beginning of each chapter. These quotes show the theme of the novel, and of the chapter. The purpose of this is to help foreshadow and set the theme of freedom from reality, to the reader in a simple, non-confusing way.

Colloquialism:
The use of slang or in-formalities in speech or writing, including local or regional dialects and usage. 

Example:
"If I must be sold, or all the people on the place, and everything go to rack, why, let me be sold. I s'pose I can b'ar it as well as any on 'em."
-Uncle Tom's Cabin, By Harriet Beecher Stowe

Explanation: 
Uncle Tom's Cabin was classified as anti-slavery literature. The language/colloquialisms in the novel shows the time and place that it was set in. The language reflects how the African Americans spoke during this time, showing they were ignorant and not treated like humans. Which is one of the main purposes of the novel.  The main purpose of these colloquialisms give the reader a glimpse of what people were like, and it made the reader want to do more to change this. 

Classification:
arrangement of materials into groups; The action or process of classifying something according to shared qualities or characteristics.


Example:




Explanation:
This is an example of how Benjamin Franklin classified virtues. The purpose of this shows Franklin's pattern of thinking, and writing. It allows the reader to classify his virtues easily and very precisely. The reason he classified his virtues is because it is simple, and he refers back to it many times in his autobiography, which makes it easier for the reader.

Figurative Language:
Writing or speech not intended to convey literal meaning, usually imaginative and vivid.


Example:
"Jem waved my words away as if fanning gnats."
-To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

Explanation:
This is a simile, which is a prime example of figurative language. In this case, Lee uses it to help the reader understand his point, that Jem did not listen to whats Scout tells her. The purpose of using figurative language is to give the reader a vivid image of how much Jem isn't listening. This figurative language is more descriptive and shows how more detail than "Jem wasn't listening". 

Flashback:
Returning to an earlier time in a narrative for the purpose  of making something in the present clearer. 


Example:

Because i could not stop for death
http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15395
-Emily Dickinson


Explanation:
Dickinson makes a large flashback in this poem to add to the emphasizes and feelings of sorrow that come with death. She has a flash back of all the stages of life. She does this on purpose to show she is reminiscing all the things that happen during life, and ends with death. The description of life adds to the feelings of sorrow and fear that is associated with death. It also adds to the purpose of accepting death.

Extended Metaphor:
A metaphor developed at length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.


Example:
Children are flowers.
Always growing
Bright, Cheery
Making people happy
They are all different.
Blooming at their own time when
they are ready to show
Eventually they will die.
They need nurturing to thrive.
Helpless
Waiting for approval.
By: Ali Ballweg


Explanation:
Ballweg makes her entire poem a metaphor to children and flowers. This adds to the significance  and helps the reader understand the comparison made. Also this metaphor adds to the constant cheerful flow of the poem, and doesn't change the rhythm. The purpose of making one extended metaphor of the comparison between children and flowers to show all the similarities between both of them, and not just one example, which can leave the reader hanging and not definite about the comparison.

Verisimilitude:
The quality of realism in a work that persuades the reader that he/she is getting a vision of life as it really is.


Example:
"I held him easy, causing the blood to run where i touched him with the ends of my fingers."
-Frederick Douglass.


Explanation:
This type of in-depth description is used a lot in Douglass' work. The purpose of this is to show the reader the reality of things and how harsh it is by using invective language and imagery. This verisimilitude allows the reader to get a descriptive vision of Douglass' life, and how harsh slavery was; which is the purpose of the novel.

Invective:
An emotionally violent verbal denunciation or attack using strong abusive language


Example:
"He would whip her to make her scream, and whip her to make her hush; and not until overcome be fatigue, would he cease to swing the blood covered cow-skin."
-Frederick Douglass: An American Slave

Explanation:
The purpose of this is to show the cruel conditions that the slaves had to endure. This makes the reader feel bad and feel sympathetic for the slaves, which is what Douglass wants. The strong language like this makes the events more in depth and imaginable to the reader. It also helps set the somber tone and mood.

Either/or Fallacy:
Reducing an argument or an issue or two polar opposites and ignoring possible alternatives.


Example:
"either you're with us, or against us.."
-Beauty and the Beast
(Gaston)


Explanation:
The purpose of this is to show that there is no other choice. It shows authority and power which is what the creator of "The Beauty and the Beast" wanted Gaston to seem like. It adds to the suspense, be the fact that you must pick one or the other. It also serves as the purpose that Gaston is down to business, which helps the viewer understand the personality of the character. 

Didactic:
A term used to describe a work that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of moral or ethical behavior thinking.

Example:
"Thomas Godfrey, a self-taught mathematician  great in his way, and afterward inventor of what is now called Hadley's Quadrant. But he knew little out of his way, and was not a pleasing companion; as, like most great mathematicians i have met with, he expected universal precision...."
-Autobiography of Ben Franklin

Explanation:
This is a passage from a novel that has a didactic tone through the whole novel. The purpose of this is because Franklin wants the reader to believe and learn from his life experiences. He wants to teach the reader not only about his life and who he knew, but how to live life. This tone allows the reader to trust believe what Franklin says and shows Franklin's sophistication.

Denotation:
The strict, literal, dictionary definition of the word.



Example:
....And on a day we meet to walk the line
And set the wall between us once again.
We keep the wall between us as we go.
To each the boulders that have fallen to each.
-Mending Wall

Explanation:
The example of denotation in The Mending Wall, is the wall. This is an example of both connotation, and denotation. For the denotation, it is physically describing the barrier, the wall. Robert Frost uses this as a denotation because it is simple, yet very significant. The main purpose of denotation is to show the reader in simple way what is happening without any tricks, thinking, or analysis.

Consonance:
Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.


Example:
"A Quietness distilled
As Twilight long begun,
Or Nature spending with herself
Sequestered Afternoon."
-Emily Dickinson


Explanation: 
The example of consonance in this poem is the repetition of the letter 'n'. The purpose of this is to get the desired rhythm and feeling that Dickinson wants the reader to have. It creates a good rhythm by not rhyming the words, but instead having a slant rhyme. This gave Dickinson more freedom and flexibility when writing the poem, and it also gives the reader more freedom to interpret the tone and rhythm better. 

Connotation:
The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.



Example:
And on a day we meet to walk the line
And set the wall between us once again.
We keep the wall between us as we go.
To each the boulders that have fallen to each.
-Mending Wall


Explanation:
The word "wall" acts as both a boundary (an actual wall) and also an emotional barrier that prevents interaction between  the narrator, and his neighbor. The connotation of the word wall, makes the poem much more interesting. This connotation could also be said to be a metaphor. The purpose of the this connation is that the readers can relate to it, and it also adds a special effect to the poem. It makes it unique, and not boring by just out right discussing the barrier between him and his neighbor. 

Clause:
A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by and independent clause.


Example:
"Life moves pretty fast, if you don't stop and look around once in a while, you could miss it."
-Ferris Bueller's Day Off



Explanation: 
In this sentence "Life moves pretty fast" is the independent clause. Ferris Bueller says this to show emphasizes on the importance of life, and how it moves fast. That is really the only purpose of the clause. This is a small clause, one that can seem merely unimportant, but in fact it explains Bueller's view, and can show his personality. 

Chronological Order:
Arrangement by the order in which things occur; usually moves past to present.


Example:
"I was born in Tuckahoe, near Hillsborough, and about twelve miles from Easton, in Talbot county, Maryland. I have no accurate knowledge of my age..."
-Frederick Douglass An American Slave

Explanation:
This is the opening lines of An American Slave. This shows that Douglass is telling his story from beginning to present. The point of that is so the reader can get a clear picture of Douglass' life. he wants the reader to know everything he has been through, from start to finish, especially since he had a rough childhood. Douglass wants the reader to see this, and see how his innocence was taken as a child due to slavery. Also chronological order is easier for the reader and less confusing then starting in the middle of his life.

Caricature:
 A grotesque likeness of striking characteristics in persons or things.


Example:


Explanation:
Charles Dickinson was known for creating caricatures. The purpose of them was to create something that emphasized or exaggerated a certain aspect. In this picture he emphasized his ears, nose, and hair. This is so he can show the reality of things and not hide behind the flaws, like many people tend to do.  Another purpose is it adds to the characterization of him that is seen by the reader, and in this case... the viewer. Caricatures can also be seen in his books, for example Great Expectations.

Bombast: Inflated language; the use of high-sounding language for a trivial subject.

Example:
"Let gallows gape for dog; let man go free, and let not hemp his windpipe suffocate."
-Shakespeare

Explanation:
Shakespeare uses bombast language through out all of his works. In this case, his purpose is to make a mean sentence less mean. the quote means "Only hang dogs, not men." The use of bombast language adds to the purpose of making it more professional and grandiloquent. Also this type of language is what Shakespeare is known for. Lastly, the way Shakespeare wrote the sentence with the bombast language makes the sentence less harsh than it really is in reality.

Begging the question:
Often called circular reasoning, begging the question occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim. In other words, one assumes a statement to be true when it has not been proven so.

Example:
Rebecca: "Goody Ann! You sent a child to conjure up the dead?"
Mrs. Putman: "Let god blame me, not you, not you, Rebecca I'll not have judging me anymore! Is it natural work to lose 7 children before they live a day?"
-The Crucible

Explanation:
This is an excellent of begging the question. Mrs. Putnam believes that it is unnatural to lose so many children, she believes it must be a curse cast on her from one of the witches in the town. Arthur Miller uses begging the question to add to the suspense of The Crucible. This serves the purpose of showing the betrayal and finger pointing that was created during the Salem Witch Trials. The main purpose of begging the question in The Crucible shows how Little proof was shown or needed, and how the allegation were far fetched and the  believeability of the claim was just assumed to be true, without real proof.

Balanced Sentence:
Construction in which both halves of the sentences are about the same length of importance.


Example:
"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times..." 
-A Tale of Two Cities

Explanation: 
Charles Dickens uses a balanced sentence for many reasons. In this case, this is a balanced sentence with a purpose. The sentence adds suspense, and foreshadows what the novel will be about. The use of a balanced sentence adds to parallelism and creates a certain rhythm that Dickens is known for. This sentence compares to contrasting phrases. Dickens does this on purpose to add to the suspense and show that it is not ine or the other... but in fact, it's both.

Atmosphere:
The emotional mood created by the entirely of a literary work, established partly by the settling and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. frequently, atmosphere foreshadows events.


Example:
"A throng of bearded men, in sad–coloured garments and grey steeple–crowned hats, inter–mixed with women, some wearing hoods, and others bareheaded, was assembled in front of a wooden edifice, the door of which was heavily timbered with oak, and studded with iron spikes."
-The Scarlet Letter


Explanation:
The beginning of The Scarlet Letter is a great example of atmosphere. Nathaniel Hawthorne describes the people as dark, gloomy, plain people with dark depressing colors on. He then goes on to describe the wooden door with iron spikes. The descriptions of the objects (hats and door) shows that its not a happy place with friendly people.. which can help the reader foreshadow the characters and events that will happen later in the novel. This is exactly what Hawthorne wanted, and that is why he described the atmosphere as early as he possibly could in the novel.

Assonance:Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity.



Example: 
Some say the world will end in fire,
Some say in ice.From what I’ve tasted of desire
I hold with those who favor fire.
But if it had to perish twice,
I think I know enough of hate
To say that for destruction ice
Is also great and would suffice.
-Robert Frost

Explanation:
Robert Frost uses assonance in many of his poems. His purpose in this poem is to create a smooth and soothing transition between line to line. The poem does not have a perfect rhyme scheme, so the assonance adds flexibility and allows the poem to have a nice tone and flow, and not just be dull and boring. Also the assonance adds a spin on the poem and makes the reader have fun and be entertained while reading.

Antecedent:
The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.

Example:
"Mr. Gore was a grave man, and, though a young man, he indulged in no jokes."
-Frederick Douglass An American Slave


Explanation:
The author uses Mr. Gore as an antecedent to make the sentence less confusing. The purpose of using an antecedent makes the sentence more professional and sophisticated and it allows you to know what the pronoun has to do with. In this case the antecedent is not that significant, it just allows the reader to know who the person that is being described is.

Apostrophe: 
A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person, a personified  abstraction, or sometimes an inanimate object.

Example:

Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour:
England hath need of thee: she is a fen
Of stagnant waters: altar, sword, and pen,
Fireside, the heroic wealth of hall and bower,

Have forfeited their ancient English dower
Of inward happiness. We are selfish men:
O raise us up, return to us again;
And give us manners, virtue, freedom, power.

Thy soul was like a Star, and dwelt apart:
Thou hadst a voice whose sound was like the sea,
Pure as the naked heavens, majestic, free;

So didst thou travel on life's common way
In cheerful godliness; and yet thy heart
The lowliest duties on herself did lay.

-William wordsworth

Explanation:

This poem has an apostrophe to Milton, one of the greatest writers of epic poems. William Wordsworth directly talks to Milton as if he knows him and they are best buds. This type of apostrophe adds an emotional intensity to the poem, which is what Wordsworth was going for. He also wants the reader to feel a sense of familiarity when reading the poem, this is why he refers to the apostrophe, Milton, as an old friend. The main purpose of the apostrophe is to address someone that is gone, but very important and needs to be remembered, which is exactly what Wordsworth does. 

Antithesis:
A balancing of two opposite or contrasting words, phrases or clauses.

Example:

"They were, in fact and at last free. And the lives of these old black women were synthesized in their eyes—a puree of tragedy and humor, wickedness and serenity, truth and fantasy.”
—Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye

Explanation:
This is a great example of antithesis. This quote compares contrasting words multiple times. "tragedy and humor", "wickedness and serenity", and "truth and fantasy". The author uses this to show the reader all of what the women had to endure in her lifetime. The ups and downs, which are best realized when compared next to each other. The author uses this to make the argument as strong and evident as possible.

Analogy:
A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. The comparison is often between two things in which the complex is explained in terms of the simple, or something unfamiliar is associated with something more familiar. The comparison suggests that if two things are alike in certain respects, they will probably be alike in other ways as well. Analogies can make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. They must be used effectively to persuade, but logically they prove nothing

Example:
"Dumb gorgeous people should not be allowed to use literature when competing in the pick-up pool. It's like bald people wearing hats." - Matt McGrath from Broken Hearts Club


Explanation:
This analogy compares one thing with something that it shouldn't be associated with, and compares this one thing with another. In this case, dumb gorgeous girls and literature, compared with bald people and hats. This analogy allows the reader to see that dumb gorgeous people should not be allowed to use literature. The analogy allows you to clearly see this because everyone knows bald people wearing hats is ridiculous, they are trying to cover up their real self.  

Ambiguity:
The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. 

Example:
  "Heaven's Just a Sin Away" -The Kendalls


Explanation:
The title of the song "Heaven's Just a Sin Away" is ambiguous, in a religious way. Committing a sin keeps us out of heaven, but it could also mean that committing a sin will bring heaven (pleasure). This is found out through the lyrics of the song. This is used because you see that the title/song has a double meaning, which is what the writer wanted.  

Asyndeton:
Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, asyndeton speeds up the flow of the sentence.

Example:
"Anyway, like I was saying, shrimp is the fruit of the sea. You can barbecue it, boil it, broil it, bake it, saute it. Dey's uh, shrimp-kabobs, shrimp creole, shrimp gumbo. Pan fried, deep fried, stir-fried. There's pineapple shrimp, lemon shrimp, coconut shrimp, pepper shrimp, shrimp soup, shrimp stew, shrimp salad, shrimp and potatoes, shrimp burger, shrimp sandwich. That--that's about it."
(Bubba in Forrest Gump, 1994)


Explanation:
Asyndeton is seen in this every time Bubba says the type of shrimp. He does this in order to make the  sentence choppy, upbeat and fast, without any pauses or hesitations. This helps set the character and how he acts, all because of the comma usage; also known as asyndeton. Bubba crams it all in as fast as he can, which shows the enthusiasm and eager tone that Bubba has. 

Allusion: 
A direct or indirect reference to something which is commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, or mythical. 

Example:
"Pearl of great price" -Scarlet Letter 


Explanation: 
Pearl is the name of Hester's daughter. Hawthorne uses this as her name because it is an allusion to the gospel of Matthew: "Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man, seeking goodly pearls: Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold all that he had, and bought it." This explains it all, Hawthorne uses this allusion in his novel to refer to pearl as the jewel that Hester won, but through a great price (her scarlet letter), just like in the gospel of Matthew. Hawthorne uses biblical allusions in this novel because it is relevant for that time period.