Style:
The consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some author's styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works bythe same author (or a writer emulating that author's style). We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgements on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, one can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or Victorian period, or a literary movement such as the Romantic, transcendental, or realist movement

Example:

"I didn't want to go back no more. I had stopped cussing, because the widow didn't like it; but now I took to it again because pap hadn't no objections... But by-and-by pap got too handy with his hick'ry, and I could't stand it. I was all over with welts. He got to going away so much, too, and locking me in. Once he locked me in and was gone three days. It was dreadful lonesome."

-Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Explanation:

Twain wrote this novel in a certain style. He uses a style that uses a lot of colloquialisms and writes very informally. He also explores youth and writes in a point of view of a young boy. Mainly the purpose is to tell a story from a different point of view, and is more creative. Also helps create a setting for the novel. 

Spatial order:
Organization of information using spatial cues such as top to bottom or left to right

Example:
"Our new home was one of a number of wooden single-story units huddled together in a horseshoe enclosing a courtyard. Our new apartment was toward the rear center of the horseshoe, away from the entrance to the courtyard. To reach the kitchen, one had to pass through a small windowless anteroom made of loosely arranged planks."

-Dry Tears: The Story of a Lost Childhood: Nechama Tec

Explanation:

Tec describes the house using spatial order. This allows the reader to get a clear mental image of what the house looks like, and where everything is located. The main purpose of this is to create an imaginable place/ setting for the reader to see. 

Sarcasm:
Sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intending to ridicule. Sarcasm can be witty and insightfu


Example:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jvwqel6Ncd0l.


Explanation:
Squidward uses sarcasm while talking to Sponge-bob, Sponge-bob is oblivious to the sarcasm, which can be seen as one purpose. Sarcasm is used to make someone look less intelligent, or to make fun of something/someone.

Semantics:

The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another. 

Example:

"Awful—Originally meant "inspiring wonder (or fear)". Used originally as a shortening for "full of awe", in contemporary usage the word usually has negative meaning."
-Dictionary.com

"Neither a borrower nor a lender be; For loan oft loses both itself and friend, and borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry".
-Shakespeare

Explanation:

The word awful has changed over time. This is an example of semantics. The purpose of semantics is to see how words have evolved over time, such as Shakespeare and even simple words such as awful. The other example is Shakespearean, and showing how words have evolved over time, which is the purpose and what semantics is. 

Satire:
A work that targets human vices and follies or social institution and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether the work aims to reform humans or their society, satire is the best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose of writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the satirist, such as irony, wit, parody, etc. Good satire is generally humorous  is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.

Example:
""Ain't they no Shepherdsons around?" They said, no, 'twas a false alarm.  "Well," he says, "if they'd a ben some, I reckon I'd a get one.""
-Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Explanation:
This is an example where, Buck, a Grangerfield is talking about shooting a Shepherdsons. The purpose of this is because Twain is making fun of the Civil war, saying they are fighting for no reason. It also can be seen as satirical towards southerners because they can go from sweet, to bitter and revengeful in a heart beat.

Subject complement:
The word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it.

Example:
"Col. Grangerford was a gentleman"
-Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Explanation:
Gentleman is the subject complement in this example. Huck did this to describe the Colonel in one sentence, so the readers know who Grangerford was. There is no major purpose to this term, other than to describe something, in order for the reader to get an image of something.

Subordinate clause:
Containing both a subject and a verb, but unlike the independent clause, unable to stand alone; it does not express a complete thought.

Example
"Man, when you lose your laugh, you lose your footing."
(Ken Kesey)

Explanation:

There is not much to explain for this term. Subordinate clauses mainly serve as a easy way to connect a verb and a subject swiftly and easily. This adds suspense in some situations because the thought is generally incomplete. 

Symbol/symbolism:
Generally, anything that represents, stands for, something else. Usually a symbolism is something concrete -- such as an object, character, action or scene--

Example:
"Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly,
Though its answer little meaning - little relevancy bore;
For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being
Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door -
Bird or beast above the sculptured bust above his chamber door,
With such name as `Nevermore.'

But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only,
That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour.
Nothing further then he uttered - not a feather then he fluttered -
Till I scarcely more than muttered `Other friends have flown before -
On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before.'
Then the bird said, `Nevermore.'"

-The Raven: by Edgar Allen Poe

Explanation:

The first, and most obvious symbol is the Raven. He uses it as a symbol for death, which is what the entire poem is devoted to. Poe does this to create a vivid symbol that is easier for the reader to detect.  Another symbol is the bust of Pallas, the reason for this is because it Pallas is the God of wisdom, which makes the narrator think that the raven is speaking from wisdom. These symbols allow the reader to makes inferences without coming right out and saying it. This is one purpose, but also it adds a hidden layer of depth to the poem, showing its sophistication. 

Synecdoche:
A figure of speech in which a part of something stands for a whole of something.


Example:
"The world treated him badly."

Explanation:
This quote is saying that the "world" treated him badly, which is impossible. The purpose of synecdoche is to emphasis something. In this case how badly "he" was treated, since its described as the world treating him badly, this shows that he was treated very badly. This concept can be applied to literature and poetry, the author wants to emphasis something by making more than one thing into one.

Transition:
A word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph of a passage that serves as a link in the writing.


Example:

first next finally also in addition besides just as important still these include likewise sometimes on the other hand even so however that's why... an example is Explanation: These are examples of transition words that authors, and anyone that writes uses. These words serve to help the writer smoothly move on to the next topic or continue on with that links one point to another. It adds sophistication to a work, and gives it a higher level of writing.

Synesthesia:
A sensation produced in one sense when stimulus is applied to another

Example:
''yellow cocktail music';

-Great Gatsby, by Scott Fitzgerald

Explanation:

Fitzgerald does this to describe the atmosphere, yellow is associated with "drunkenness". The purpose of this is to simply have a creative way to describe the atmosphere with out saying "They're drunk". It's more classy, and the narrator, Nick wants to be sophisticated, so Fitzgerald uses synesthesia so make him look sophisticated.  

Verisimilitude:
The quality of realism in a work that persuades the reader that he/she is getting a vision of life as it is.


Example:
"While i was attending to those in front, and on either side, the one behind ran up with the hand-spike, and struck me a heavy blow upon the head. I fell, and with this they all ran upon me, and fell to beating me with their fists... with his heavy boot, a powerful kick in the left eye."
-Frederick Douglass: An American Slave

Explanation:
Douglass deeply describes himself getting beat up. This imagery allows the reader to actually image what Douglass went through. Douglass does this on purpose, so the reader gets a vision of reality for the slaves, and the reader will want to change things, and make sure the slaves are free or treated better.

Unity:
A work of fiction or nonfiction is said to be unified when all of the parts are related to one central idea or organizing principle.

Example:
"Their yearly clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts, one pair of linen trousers, like the shirts, one jacket, on pair of trousers for winter, made of coarse negro cloth."
-Frederick Douglass: An American Slave

Explanation:
Douglass' novel is all about the harsh and cruel treatment of the slaves, and how they should be free. This is a short example of one of the many times he he describes the living conditions of the slaves. Douglass makes a point to stay focus to his main idea of freeing the slaves, because it is inhumane and cruel to continue with slavery.

Red herring:
The fallacy of raising an irrelevant issue to draw attention away from the real issue

Example:
"We admit that this measure is popular. But we also urge you to note that there are so many bond issues on this ballot that the whole thing is getting ridiculous."

-Tax cut commercial

Explanation:

Red herring is used a lot in politics. The purpose of it is to simple draw attention from the real issue being discussed. Politicians do this to avoid people finding out about certain things they don't want people to know.     This same concept can be applied to literature, authors do this to characterize a character, or even stir the reader away from the real issue. 

Predicate nominative:
A second type of subject complement- a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject. It follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate

Example:
George Washington was elected the first president.

Explanation:

President is the predicate nominative in this example. There is no major purpose of this term, but mainly serves as a way to identify a subject 

Predicate adjective:
One type of subject complement-an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is the predicate of the sentence and modifies, or describes, the subject.

Example:
"Col. Grangerford was very tall and very slim, and had a darkish-paly complexion... he had the thinnest kind of lips, and the thinnest kind of nostrils, and a high nose, and heavy eyebrows, and the blackest kind of eyes."
-Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Explanation:
Huck describes Col. Grangerford using the predicate adjective. He does this to easily describe the Colonel, quickly and swiftly. The reader gets a good mental image of what Col. Grangerford looks like, which is Hucks main purpose.

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
When a writer implies that because one thing follows another, the first caused the second, confusing sequence with causation.

Example:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRJUvFG8gbE

Explanation:
In this video, Sheldon Cooper say that his mothers idea that her church group praying for him to arrive home safely is the reason he got home safely is wrong. Her idea is an example of post hoc fallacy. The purpose of this in this case is for her to reassure to her self that she is protecting her "little boy". This can be seen in novels, poems, and other types of literature. Post hoc fallacy has a great purpose of making someone feel as if they are, or did something to cause a second thing to happen, when in reality they probably did not.

Polysyndeton:
Sentence that uses and or another conjunction to separate the items in a series. Polysyndeton appears in the form of X and Y and Z, stressing equally each member of the series. It makes the sentence slower and the items more emphatic then in the asyndeton.


Example:
"Let the white folks have their money and power and segregation and sarcasm and big houses and schools and lawns like carpets, and books, and mostly--mostly--let them have their whiteness." 

- I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: by Maya Angelou

Explanation:

The reason Maya Angelou does this is for one main reason. One reason she does this is to show ALL the things that the white people had. The emphasis on everything they have shows that this is unlike what the black people had at the time. The reader sees this, and has sympathy for Angelou and other African Americans. 

Inductive reasoning:
A form of reasoning which works from a body of fact to the formulation of a generalization.

Example:
"All the tigers observed in a particular region have black stripes on orange fur. Therefore all the tigers native to this region have black stripes on orange fur."

Explanation:

Although this example is not from a literary source, this is a good example of inductive reasoning. It is used to make a generalization of something, based on a specific fact that is made. This is used mainly in math and science, but can appeal to some literary aspects. For example, if the author wants to compare two specific things and then generalize them together, making a conclusion based on the two facts. 

Point of view:
The perspective from which the story is told

Example:
"It was for a long time a matter of surprise to me why Mr. Covey did not immediately have me taken by the constable to the whipping-post, and there regularly whipped for the crime of raising my hand against a white man in defence of myself....."
-Frederick Douglass: An American Slave

Explanation:
Douglass writes this novel in first person for many reasons. One reason is to help him convey his message through his eyes, and deeply describe all the horrific events that happened to him. This is best believed by the readers, if the story is told by Douglass, which it is. This makes the book have a high quality of verisimilitude  which is one of Douglass' purpose.

Pathetic Fallacy:
A subdivision of personification, this figure of speech refers specifically to the technique of assigning human emotion to a concept, animal, or inanimate object.

Example:

Stanza from Alfred Lord Tennyson’s 1855 poem “Maud"
There has fallen a splendid tear

From the passion-flower at the gate.
She is coming, my dove, my dear;
She is coming, my life, my fate.
The red rose cries, "She is near, she is near;"
And the white rose weeps, "She is late;"
The larkspur listens, "I hear, I hear;"
And the lily whispers, "I wait"

Explanation:

Tennyson uses many different examples of pathetic fallacy in this quote. This fallacy creates symbolic value to the objects. It is a way for the writer to express his writing style in a unique way, and to be more creative. 

Persona:
The fictional voice that a writer adopts to tell a story.

Example:
"You don't know about me, without you have read a book by the name "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" but that ain't no matter...There was things which he strecherd, but mainly he told the truth. That is nothing. I never seen anybody but lied, one time or another..."
-Adventures of Huckleberry Fin by Mark Twain

Explanation:
Mark twain takes up the persona of a young, and not to intelligent boy. Twain tells the story from the young boys point of view in order to get a certain mocking/ironic tone and humorous mood in the novel. Also to show the growth of a young boy into a mature boy. This novel can be seen as a reflection on Twain's own life, showing the persona is also affected by Twain, and his childhood.

Personification:
A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes.

Example:
Two Sunflowers
"Ah, William, we're weary of weather,"
said the sunflowers, shining with dew.
"Our traveling habits have tired us.
Can you give us a room with a view?"

They arranged themselves at the window
and counted the steps of the sun,
and they both took root in the carpet
where the topaz tortoises run.
-William Blake

Explanation:

This entire poem is an example of personification. The purpose of this is to give the reader a vivid description  of something. In this case, the personification gives the poem a whimsical and lighthearted tone. This is Blake's main goal. It also gives the poem an edge, making it different than normal poems, that are dull and boring.  

Periodic Sentence:
A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end, after all introductory elements such as words, phrases and dependent clauses.

Example
"Across the stream, beyond the clearing, from behind a fallen tree, the lion emerged."
-Anonymous

Explanation:
This is an example of a periodic sentence, and was given as an example with the definition. This is a periodic sentence because the main idea, the lion, is introduced at the end. This adds to the level of suspense, nwhich can be useful in a detective novel/murder mystery novel. Also adds an effect of structural variety, making the sentence jump more than just a plain, dull, unoriginal sentence.

Parody:
A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. As comedy, parody distorts or exaggerates distinctive features of the original  As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original.

Example:

This is a parody of the real song "Call  me maybe" by Carly Rae Jepsen.

Explanation:
Although this is not a literary novel that is an example of a parody, it shows the purpose behind one. Parody generally aim to make fun of the original work. They do this by exaggerating features of the work, such as the girl in the video, being stalkerish and crazy. Also changing words of the song, to make it comical. Making it comical is the main purpose of a parody.

Order of Importance:
A pattern of organization where information is prioritized by the speaker in a hierarchy of value.

Example:
"I included under thirteen names of virtues all that at that time ocurr'd to me necessary or desirable...
Temperance: Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation
Silence: Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversations
Order: Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time
Resolution: Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve
Frugality: Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; that is, waste nothing
Industry: Lose not time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions
Sincerity: Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly; speak accordingly
Justice: Wrong none by doing injuries or omitting the benefits that are your duty
Moderation: Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think you deserve
Cleanliness: Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes or habitation
Tranquility: Be not disturbed at trifles or accidents common or unavoidable
Chastity: Rarely use venery but for health or offspring; never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation
Humility: Imitate Jesus and Socrates"
-Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin


Explanation:

Franklin organizes his thirteen virtues in order of importance. The main purpose of this is to classify them in a way that would allow the reader to see which ones are the most important. Franklin knows people are unlikely to follow "Humility" or "Chastity" so they are the least important. This same thing could be applied to a child Christmas list, the child wants the parent/Santa to focus on the more important ones, the ones on top. Franklin uses this concept.

Pedantic:
An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly, scholarly, academic, or bookish.

Example:
"Some men have been virtuous blindly, others have speculated fantastically, and others have been shrewd to bad purposes; but you, sir, I am sure, will give under your hand, nothing but what is at the same moment wise, practical and good, your account of yourself will show that you are ashamed of no origin; a thing the more important, as you prove, how little necessary all origin is to happiness, virtue, or greatness."
-Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin

Explanation:
The tone and diction of this autobiography is very pedantic. This is because Franklin was a highly regarded, scholarly man. He was expected to have a well educated and well written book. The purpose of this is to show he is indeed scholarly and educated. This is important in this book because he is trying to explain how to live life (his virtues), and if he wasn't intellectual then the reader would not follow his virtues.

Stream of Consciousness:
Refers to an attempt on the part of an author to reproduce the unembellished flow of thoughts in the human mind with its feelings, judgments, associations, and memories.


Example:
"Well, I catched my breath and most fainted. Shut up on a wreck with such a gang as that! But it warn't no time to be sentimentering. We'd got to find a boat, now- had to have it four ourselves. So we went a-quaking and shaking down the stabboard side..."
-Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Explanation:
Twain writes this novel using stream of consciousness. The purpose of this is to show the thoughts that go through the main character's (Huck) mind. This allows the reader to characterize and image who Huck is and how he acts.

Pathos:
Qualities of a work that evokes pity or sorrow. An excess of pathos can create over-emotionalism.


Example:
Incident
Once riding in old Baltimore,
Heart-filled, head-filled with glee;
I saw a Baltimorean
Keep looking straight at me.

Now I was eight and very small,
And he was no whit bigger,
And so I smiled, but he poked out
His tongue, and called me, "Nigger."

I saw the whole of Baltimore
From May until December;
Of all the things that happened there
That's all that I remember.

-Countee Cullen


Explanation:
Cullen describes the speaker and the other boy as equal, as if nothing was different between them, even though at that time color was a big difference. The young boy does not know this, and is crushed when he smiles at a white boy, and the boy makes fun of him. This poem, and especially the second stanza is a prime example of pathos. The reader feels bad, and takes pity on the speaker. This is the prime purpose of this poem, Cullen wants people to see the inequality and cruelty shown towards African Americans, and appealing to the readers sense of pathos is the best way to do that.

Parallelism:
Also referred to as parallel construction, or parallel structure, this term comes from the Greek roots meaning "beside each other". It refers to the grammatical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve repetition of a grammatical element such as preposition or verbal phrase.

Example:
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal."
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
-Martin Luther King Jr, I Have A Dream Speech

Explanation:
MLK Jr. uses parallelism in his repetition of "I have a dream". The purpose of this is to emphasizes his point that he wants equal rights for African Americans, and that he sees this in their future. The line "I have a dream" is also used because it can relate to almost anyone listening to the speech, everyone thinks of the future, and how to make it better, which is what MLK was trying to do for African Americans. Lastly, it creates a rhythm and balance that lets MLK expresses his views concisely and smoothly.

Tone:
Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his/her material, the audience, or both.


Example:
“Before society had grown corrupt enough to smile, instead of shuddering at it.”

-The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne

Explanation:

This sentence effectively shows Hawthorne tone. He sees the society as cynical and hypocritical, because they are not suppose to judge people as a Puritan, but they do. The purpose of creating a cynical tone while talking to the Puritans is simple. He is trying to show and convince the reader that the Puritans were wrong and hypocritical. He talks down to Puritanism, putting them in in "bad light". He also describes their ways as cruel and corrupt, which is seen in this example. Which all creates his cynical tone, which the reader sees, and picks up on. 

Parable:
A brief story from which a lesson may be drawn.

Example:
The Obstacle in our Path
In ancient times, a King had a boulder placed on a roadway. Then he hid himself and watched to see if anyone would remove the huge rock. Some of the kirig's wealthiest merchants and courtiers came by and simply walked around it. Many loudly blamed the king for not keeping the roads clear, but none did anything about getting the stone out of the way. Then a peasant came along carrying a load of vegetables. Upon approaching the boulder, the peasant laid down his burden and tried to move the stone to the side of the road. After much pushing and straining, he finally succeeded. After the peasant picked up his load of vegetables, he noticed a purse lying in the road where the boulder had been. The purse contained many gold coins and a note from the king indicating that the gold was for the person who removed the boulder from the roadway. The peasant learned what many of us never understand. Every obstacle presents an opportunity to improve our condition.

-Unknown

Explanation:

The author of this parable creates a good lesson. This short story leaves the reader anticipating what happens throughout. The author wanted to create/show a lesson in a quick and easy way. The moral is to tackle every obstacle, because something good will come from it. This parable is easy to decipher which is what the author wants, and the author wants it to stay in the readers' mind, and for the reader to remember it. 

Mood:
Grammatical: Refers to the verbs and the speakers attitude.
Literary: Indicates the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.

Examples:
Grammatical: "Shut that door!"
Literary: "A sudden emptiness seemed to flow now from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation the figure of the host, who stood on the porch, his hand up in a formal gesture of farewell." 

-The Great Gatsby

Explanation:
Grammatical: The demanding force behind that sentence shoes the imperative and crucial mood of the speaker. The purpose of this is to show the speaker is serious and down to business, no playing around.
Literary: In this quote Fitzgerald describes Gatsby as being alone. This sets the atmosphere and setting as isolated, which are two factors that set the mood. Fitzgerald uses the mood to show Gatsby's loneliness and how lowers his spirits. This mood helps the reader characterize Gatsby as a man who doesn't like to be alone. 

Irony:
The contrast of what is stated explicitly and what is really meant; the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. Irony maybe verbal, situational, or dramatic.

Example:

EXAMPLE IS FROM 0:20 SECONDS IN UNTIL 0:30 SECONDS. 


Explanation:
In this clip Spoungebob sees the banana peel and Patrick does not. The purpose of this situational irony is to create humor. It also builds suspense, which is why situational irony is seen in a lot of horror films. This irony can also be implied to novels, where the reader knows more then the character, showing how naive and clueless a character can be, aka Patrick in this example.

In media res:
Beginning a narrative in the middle of the action.


Example:
""It's official" Harley said. "They killed the last Berliner two nights ago. You're the last." Then after a pause: "I'm sorry."
-The Last Werewolf by Glenn Duncan

Explanation:
Duncan uses in media res to start his novel for many reasons. First, it adds suspense and makes the reader interested to read more. It starts right in the action of someone apologizing, which foreshadows something bad has or is going to happen, which leaves the reader on their seat. In media res helps Duncan set up the characters and situation quickly and swiftly. Lastly, it sets a mysterious and even occult tone/mood for the novel, and makes the reader foreshadow what events have and will happen.

Expository:
Writing that explains or analyzes.


Example:
The novel Into The Wild by Jon Krakauer.

Explanation:
The novel as a whole can be seen as an example of an expository writing. Krakauer does this in order to deeply analyze and explain McCandless' thoughts and ideas. This genre, especially in this novel, give the reader a more in depth analysis and explains in detail the motive and reasoning behind the characters ways. Krakauer uses many siurces and evidence to help with his "analysis" of McCandless, which shows the reader different perspectives, and more proof to help them believe and try to understand McCandless' amazing journey. In conclusion. krakauer writes his novel as an expository for deep analysis of McCandless and to explain why he did it.

Equivocation:
The use of the same term in two different senses in an argument.

Example:



Explanation:
In this, the equivocation is "cut out". At first the reader thinks the dog is talking about cutting out, or not eating anymore desserts. This shows the cartoonist used equivocation to mislead or hedge the reader. The purpose of the cartoonist misleading the reader is because then at the end the joke is funnier, because it is unexpected. This purpose of equivocation can be implied onto other things such as mystery novels or comical movies/books.

Metonymy:
A figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.

Example:
"Her voice is full of money."
-F. Scott Fitzgerald from The Great Gatsby

Explanation:
Fitzgerald uses metonymy by saying "her voice". Her voice is not "her", so it is a metonymy. Fitzgerald does this to describe the woman as someone that only cares or talks about money. This is significant because the novel as a whole has to do with the upper-class and their "clique". This figure of speech used to describe the woman puts a mental picture through the readers head that has a wealthy, snobby women who thinks and talks about money at all times.

Generic Conventions:
The traditions for each genre, helping to differentiate between divisions and subdivisions.


Example:
"I turn'd my thoughts again to the affair of establishing an academy. The first step I took was to associate in the design a number of active friends..."
-Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin

Explanation:
This is a short passage from the Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Franklin wrote this novel as a autobiography in order to tell his life story. This example shows how the point of view (first person) shows he is writing about himself. Generic conventions help the reader know what genre they are reading, and how reliable the information from the book will be. Generic conventions can also help the reader know the tone, mood, length, and seriousness of the work. Franklin uses the generic convention of first person to show he is writing an autobiography, so that the reader knows all the information is from the man himself.

Paradox:
a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains an acceptable and often profound meaning. Often used for emphasis or to attract attention.

Example:
"We have men-stealers for ministers, women-whippers for missionaries, and cradle-plunderers for church members."
-Frederick Douglass from An American Slave

Explanation:
This is a good example of how Douglass uses a paradox to help get his purpose across. His purpose is to show the reader the hypocritical people during that time period. The two opposing ideas stand out to the reader and emphasize Douglass's view on people that are slave holders and claim to be Christians. This makes the reader side with Douglass, and agree with his view on "slave-holding Christians", which is obviously his purpose.

Oxymoron:
A figure of speech in which an author juxtaposes apparently contradictory terms. A rhetorical antithesis.


Example:
"Slave-holding Christians"
-Frederick Douglass in An American Slave


Explanation:
Douglass uses this oxymoron many times throughout his work. The purpose of this is to get his view that the people that were slave-holding Christians were hypocritical and immoral. The repetition of  this clues to the reader that Douglass is disgusted by the people that say this. The appendix of his autobiography has further information about this idea. All in all, this oxymoron shows how transparent the minds of the whites were during the time period, and didn't see that they were wrong.

Loose sentence:
A sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses


Example:
"Halfway between West Egg and New York City sprawls a desolate plain, a gray valley where New York's ashes are dumped"  

-The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Explanation:

This is by far one of the most well known examples of a loose sentence. The purpose of this is to vary from the average sentence structure, adding interest to the passage. This adds a certain suspense to this long drawn out sentence. Also builds to importance of the setting and location of the novel.

Metaphor:
A figure of speech using an implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.

Example:

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
by
William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date.

Explanation:

This entire poem can be seen as a metaphor. Shakespeare compare a women to a summers day. The purpose of this is because it is easy for the reader to grasp and relate to. This metaphor is sophisticated and unique to describe someone. This unique style is what Shakespeare is known for. Another purpose of this is the metaphor helps the reader "paint the picture more clearly" and is visually more comprehensible and easy to see. Which is what Shakespeare want you to be able to do. Also clearly characterizes the women. 

ellipsis:
In grammar, the omission of a word or words neccasary for complete construction but understood in context. Usually represented with "..."

Example:
"After all the lone trail is the best... I'll never stop wandering."
-Jon Krakauer, passage from dairy entry of Christopher McCandless


Explanation:
The purpose of ellipsis here is simple. Krakauer want to get his point across quickly and swiftly. He doesn't want pointless information to distract the reader from the main point, that McCandless likes the lone trail, and wants to continue on it. The ellipsis shortens the passage, making it easier for the reader to understand and get the purpose.

Imagery:
Sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. May use terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory.

Example:
"In November he finished his last rations. He felt weak and dizzy; chills racked his gaunt frame. Hands and nose continued to get worse as do feet. Nose tip very swollen, blistered, and scabbed... This is sure a slow and agonizing way to die."
-Into the wild, Jon Krakauer

Explanation:
Krakauer describes McCandless using imagery, so that the reader knows what he looks like and what he is going through. The reader can get a clear picture of what McCandless looks like, therefore helping them characterize, and see what is happening to him. Also this type of imagery is very in depth  and tells the read how awful he looked, making the reader feel bad for McCandless, and ponder on to why he did what he did. Which is Krakauer's main purpose of his novel .

Juxtaposition:
The placement of elements, characters, scenes, objects, etc. side by side for purposes of comparison and contrast.

Example:
"We have men-stealers for ministers, women-whippers for missionaries and cradle-plunderers for church members."
-Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass

Explanation:
This is a juxtaposition that compares two things that are unlike, but during that time period it was. This leads to one purpose, of comparing the two unlike things so the reader can get a glimpse of what the people were like, and how Douglass saw them. This comparison shows how wrong the people of that time were, and how hypocritical they were. This is the main purpose of Douglass's autobiography, and even more importantly the appendix.

Homily:
literally, "sermon', but may include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral and spiritual advice.

Example:
"He who is the religious advocate of marriage robs whole millions of its sacred influence, and leaves them to the ravages of wholesale pollution. The warm defender of the sacredness of the family relation is the same that scatters whole families... We have men sold to build churches, women sold to support gospel, and babes sold to purchase Bibles."
-Appendix, pg. 151, Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass

Explanation:
This is an example of how Douglass created his autobiography, and especially the appendix, and homily. The purpose of this is to get his moral and spiritual beliefs across. These beliefs include the thought that slaveholders are hypocritical if they say they are Christians, and his main belief of the cruelty of slavery and how it should be abolished. These views are better seen, due to his use of homily. Another purpose of this is to get his thoughts across in a sophisticated and civil way, so more people would read and connect with it.

Anticlimax:

A sudden drop from the dignified or important in thought or expression to the commonplace or trivial, often for humorous effect.



Example:

"Nothing makes me want to disappear 

As when someone opens their mouth

 It's just my luck 

I get hit by a car 

While carrying a cake 

 Dripping cherries 

Onto pavement 

Bride and groom on my face 

 I'm not there like a ghost ship in a storm 

 It only figures 

That I'd ride my bike 

And as I'm sinkin' 

The last thing that I think
Is, did I pay my rent?"
-Jim O'Rourke, Ghost Ship in a Storm


Explanation:
O'Rourke uses an anticlimax at the end of his song. The purpose of this is to add a humorous tone, it also helps characterize the narrator of the song as one that has given up hope. Before the anticlimax the lyrics build up adding suspense, when the anticlimax comes it creates a funny ending, to show that this is not very serious. The purpose of an anticlimax is to add a lighthearted and upbeat spin on the climax, and that is exactly what O'Rourke did. 

Aphorism:
A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (if the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of an author's point, or it can be a focusing device at the beginning of the essay.

Example: 
"Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a hard battle."
-Plato

Explanation:
 This quote, said by Plato is a prime example of a Aphorism. He states a moral principle, of being nice, but in his own way. The purpose of this is to go right to the point, and tells you the general truth plain and simple. It shows Plato's views, and doesn't beat around the bush in order to do so.

False Analogy:
When two cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of connection between them.


Example:
"Mind and rivers, can be both broad. It is a known fact that the broader the river, the shallower it is. Therefore it must be true, that the broader the mind is, the shallower it is."

- http://josecarilloforum.com/forum/index.php?topic=541.0

Explanation: 

In this quote, the unknown author compares minds to river, which are not sufficiently parallel. The purpose of this false analogy compares to different things, making the reader question it. This example shows the readers view on people's minds in a distinct and different way. The purpose of false analogy are to be elaborate and connect two familiar things. It leaves the reader thinking and questionable.