Style:
The consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some author's styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works bythe same author (or a writer emulating that author's style). We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgements on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, one can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or Victorian period, or a literary movement such as the Romantic, transcendental, or realist movement

Example:

"I didn't want to go back no more. I had stopped cussing, because the widow didn't like it; but now I took to it again because pap hadn't no objections... But by-and-by pap got too handy with his hick'ry, and I could't stand it. I was all over with welts. He got to going away so much, too, and locking me in. Once he locked me in and was gone three days. It was dreadful lonesome."

-Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Explanation:

Twain wrote this novel in a certain style. He uses a style that uses a lot of colloquialisms and writes very informally. He also explores youth and writes in a point of view of a young boy. Mainly the purpose is to tell a story from a different point of view, and is more creative. Also helps create a setting for the novel. 

Spatial order:
Organization of information using spatial cues such as top to bottom or left to right

Example:
"Our new home was one of a number of wooden single-story units huddled together in a horseshoe enclosing a courtyard. Our new apartment was toward the rear center of the horseshoe, away from the entrance to the courtyard. To reach the kitchen, one had to pass through a small windowless anteroom made of loosely arranged planks."

-Dry Tears: The Story of a Lost Childhood: Nechama Tec

Explanation:

Tec describes the house using spatial order. This allows the reader to get a clear mental image of what the house looks like, and where everything is located. The main purpose of this is to create an imaginable place/ setting for the reader to see. 

Sarcasm:
Sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intending to ridicule. Sarcasm can be witty and insightfu


Example:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jvwqel6Ncd0l.


Explanation:
Squidward uses sarcasm while talking to Sponge-bob, Sponge-bob is oblivious to the sarcasm, which can be seen as one purpose. Sarcasm is used to make someone look less intelligent, or to make fun of something/someone.

Semantics:

The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another. 

Example:

"Awful—Originally meant "inspiring wonder (or fear)". Used originally as a shortening for "full of awe", in contemporary usage the word usually has negative meaning."
-Dictionary.com

"Neither a borrower nor a lender be; For loan oft loses both itself and friend, and borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry".
-Shakespeare

Explanation:

The word awful has changed over time. This is an example of semantics. The purpose of semantics is to see how words have evolved over time, such as Shakespeare and even simple words such as awful. The other example is Shakespearean, and showing how words have evolved over time, which is the purpose and what semantics is. 

Satire:
A work that targets human vices and follies or social institution and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether the work aims to reform humans or their society, satire is the best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose of writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the satirist, such as irony, wit, parody, etc. Good satire is generally humorous  is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.

Example:
""Ain't they no Shepherdsons around?" They said, no, 'twas a false alarm.  "Well," he says, "if they'd a ben some, I reckon I'd a get one.""
-Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Explanation:
This is an example where, Buck, a Grangerfield is talking about shooting a Shepherdsons. The purpose of this is because Twain is making fun of the Civil war, saying they are fighting for no reason. It also can be seen as satirical towards southerners because they can go from sweet, to bitter and revengeful in a heart beat.

Subject complement:
The word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it.

Example:
"Col. Grangerford was a gentleman"
-Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Explanation:
Gentleman is the subject complement in this example. Huck did this to describe the Colonel in one sentence, so the readers know who Grangerford was. There is no major purpose to this term, other than to describe something, in order for the reader to get an image of something.

Subordinate clause:
Containing both a subject and a verb, but unlike the independent clause, unable to stand alone; it does not express a complete thought.

Example
"Man, when you lose your laugh, you lose your footing."
(Ken Kesey)

Explanation:

There is not much to explain for this term. Subordinate clauses mainly serve as a easy way to connect a verb and a subject swiftly and easily. This adds suspense in some situations because the thought is generally incomplete.